J.C.R. Licklider, in full Joseph Carl
Robnett Licklider, (born March 11, 1915, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.—died June
26, 1990, Arlington, Massachusetts), American computer scientist who helped lay
the groundwork for computer networking and ARPANET, the predecessor of the
Internet.
Licklider studied psychology,
mathematics, and physics at Washington University in St. Louis, where he
received a bachelor’s degree in 1937 and a master’s degree in psychology in
1938. He received a doctorate in psychology from the University of Rochester
(New York) in 1942.
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Licklider lectured at Harvard
University before joining the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) in 1950. He became interested in computers on a project in
which he studied how people would interact with a proposed computerized air
defense system. He left MIT in 1957 to join the acoustic consulting firm of
Bolt Beranek and Newman where he could pursue his interest in computers. In his
1960 paper “Man-Computer Symbiosis,” one of the most important in the history
of computing, Licklider posited the then radical belief that a marriage of the
human mind with the computer would eventually result in better decision making.
Licklider joined the U.S. Defense
Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1962 as the director
of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO). His tenure signaled the
demilitarization of ARPA; it was Licklider who changed the name of his office
from Command and Control Research to IPTO. “Lick,” as he insisted on being
called, brought to the project an emphasis on interactive computing and the
prevalent utopian conviction that humans teamed with computers could create a
better world. As a result, ARPA was the birthplace not only of time-sharing
systems like Project MAC, computer networks like ARPANET and later the
Internet, but also of computer graphics, parallel processing, computer flight
simulation, and other key achievements.
Licklider joined IBM as a consultant
from 1964 to 1967. He returned to MIT as a professor of electrical engineering
and later computer science, and he became a professor emeritus in 1985.
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